![]() More details about the year of publication, sample size, the age of sample, and the measures used for assessment are displayed I Table 1. They usually included small samples of children with ADHD (for example, 19, 20 All of the studies used questionnaire or parent-reported measures. Most of the studies were published in recent years. The reason for conducting this systematic review is that there are some studies about sensory processing problems in children with ADHD but there appears to be no current reviews on sensory processing problems in ADHD. However, the underlying structure and pathophysiology is not well studied and the assessment of sensory profiles of children with behavioral problems in clinical practice is recommended. ![]() 17 There are growing published studies about sensory processing problems in children with ADHD. 16 Moreover, there is a connection between perception and action that is impaired in ADHD. 15 Activities in resting state in sensory and sensory-related cortices in ADHD is significantly more than those of the control group. 14 One of the prominent neuroanatomical markers for children and adolescents with ADHD is widespread cortical thickness reductions. It is clear that there is an alteration in the neural networks and a possible central role of dopamine for sensory problems that cannot be linked to specific cerebral lesions in children with ADHD. 11 Others suggest other risk factors such as pre-, peri- and post-natal birth factors such as maternal stress during pregnancy, jaundice, and allergies. Genetic and familial factors have been suggested. The etiology of sensory processing is unknown. 12 An example is that when we watch television or movies, we perceive that the voices originate from the actors on the screen while there is a large spatial discrepancy between the origine of sound and the actors. ![]() For example, sound alters vision or vision alters sound location. 11 There are multiple sensory modalities but they are not separate and interact with each other. 10 Sensory discrimination problems are another type of sensory processing problem characterized by difficulty interpreting the specific characteristics of sensory stimuli. The third type is sensory-seeking, where individuals crave or display interest in sensory experiences. Individuals with under-responsivity are unaware or they are slow to respond to sensory input. 9 For example, a child with tactile sensitivity or defensiveness might be defensive for hair-brushing and/or haircuts because she/he cannot tolerate it easily.Īnother form of sensory processing problems is under-responsivity. Sensory over-responsivity can be considered as an independent diagnosis. 8 This response can be towards any types of sensory stimuli. That is, individuals respond to sensory stimuli in the way that is faster, longer, or more intense than what is expected. 7 One type of sensory processing problem is sensory over-responsivity or sensory hypersensitivity. 6 5.3% of the kindergarten children meet screening criteria for sensory processing disorders according to their parental reports. 5 Sensory processing problems impact the responses of children to sensory events in daily life. Sensory processing disorders are impairments in responding to sensory stimuli such as impairments in detection, modulation, or interpretation of stimuli. However, co-morbidity with oppositional defiant disorder and anxiety are predictors of more severe sensory processing problems in children with ADHD. Findings do not support that ADHD subtypes are distinct disorders with regard to sensory processing problems. Sensory processing problems in children with ADHD are more common than in typically developing children. Sensory processing problems in children with ADHD is not a well studied area. A systematic search, conducted on Pub-Med (up to January 2010), and Google Scholar, yielded 255 abstracts on sensory processing problems in children including 11 studies about sensory problems in children with ADHD. No published review article about sensory processing problems in children with ADHD were found. ADHD and sensory problems may occur together and interact. Sensory processing problems impact the nature of response to daily events. Its course and outcome are heterogeneous. One of the most common psychiatric disorders in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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